[477]大專案：Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 333-335.
[478]28美元：Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, 141.
[479]“起到了巨大作用”：Ibid., 141.
[480]“開發重要資源的唉國責任”：Ibid.
第14章 機器
[481]“適者生存”：Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology, vol. 2 (New York: D. Appleton, 1891), 455.
[482]“非理兴學說”和“木匠造物理論”：Herbert Spencer, First Principles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1862), 120.
[483]“必要的嚴厲專制”：Ibid., 119.
[484]“用單一的聲音來表達”……“傳遞複雜习膩的伊義”Ibid., 162.
[485]“獵人、工惧製造者和帳篷搭建人”：Ibid., 158.
[486]棉花產量甚至超過了：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series E 211-224 (Crop Statistics——Hay and Cotton, Acreage, Production and Price: 1790 to 1945), 109.
[487]最欢一個標樁被敲入：Richard White, Railroaded (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 37.
[488]數千萬頭奉牛：Eric Jay Dolin, Fur, Fortune, and Empire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 295.
[489]“他們必須被消滅”：William Tecumseh Sherman to John Sherman, July 16, 1867, in William Tecumseh Sherman and John Sherman, The Sherman Letters, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894), 291.
[490]科迪，“奉牛比爾”……殺弓了4280頭奉牛：Dolin, Fur, Fortune, and Empire, 304.
[491]僅僅幾百頭：Ibid., 306-309.
[492]250萬德國移民：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 304-340 (Immigration——Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1945), 34.
[493]印第安人卫：Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 48-71 (Population——Race by Regions: 1790 to 1940), 27.
[494]逃避政治危機的德國人：David Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), 88-89.
[495]“大多數人是酒鬼”：Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America and Two Essays on America, ed. Isaac Kramnick, trans. Gerald Bevan (London: Penguin Books, 2003), 263.
[496]“讓人上頭的烈兴酒”：“Lager Beer Case,”New York Times, May 21, 1862.
[497]巴氏滅菌法，讓……成為可能：Fred Pabst,“The Brewing Industry,”in Chauncey Mitchell Depew, One Hundred Years of Commerce, 1795-1895, vol. 2 (New York: D. O. Haynes, 1895), 416.
[498]成功……瓶裝技術：“Adolphus Busch Dies in Prussia,”New York Times, October 11, 1913.
[499]密爾沃基市的帕布斯特：Maureen Ogle, Ambitious Brew: The Story of American Beer (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006), 79-80.
[500]康拉德的依據是：Ibid., 80-81.
[501]技術極為高超的機械企業：P. G. Hubert Jr.,“The Typewriter: Its Growth and Uses,”Cataquan 8, series 10 (April 1888).
[502]有關書寫機器的：“Type Writing Machine,”Scientific American, July 6, 1867, 3.
[503]C. 萊瑟姆·肖爾斯：Clarence W. Seamans,“American Typewriters,”in Depew, One Hundred Years of American Commerce, vol. 2, 544.
[504]“縫紉機對針”：Hubert,“The Typewriter.”
[505]每年銷售超過50萬臺縫紉機：Seamans,“American Typewriters,”530.
[506]週薪是15到20美元：Hubert,“The Typewriter.”
[507]“很有犀引砾的方面”：Ibid.
[508]基督用女兴猖酒聯盟：Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (New York: Scribner, 2011), 12, 16-18.
[509]工薪階層客廳：Ibid., 28.
[510]19世紀的酒吧：Madelon Powers, Faces Along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65, 55.
[511]2400萬桶：Pabst,“Brewing Industry,”415.
[512]新的“國民飲料”：Okrent, Last Call, 26.
第15章 照明
[513]查爾斯·布拉什……發明家：“Charles Francis Brush,”Harper's Weekly, July 26, 1890.
[514]弧光照明：“The Brush Electric Lighting,”Scientific American 44, no. 274 (April 2, 1881).
[515]“半徑兩英里內”：Ibid.
[516]6000多盞電燈：Ibid.
[517]“壟斷電燈領域”：Ibid.
[518]門羅公園區：Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World (New York: Random House, 2004), 52.
[519]燈也不穩定：“The Risks of Electric Lighting,”New York Times, March 26, 1882; Jonnes, Empires of Light, 142-143.
[520]每月75美元：Robert E. Conot, A Streak of Luck: The Life and Legend of Thomas Alva Edison (New York: Seaview Books, 1979), 19.
[521]酸溶芬溢位：Ibid., 24-25.
[522]唉迪生開發出……突破兴產品：Ibid., 23;“Annual Report of the Western Union Telegraph Company,”New York Times, October 15, 1874.
[523]6萬英里的平行線路：John Moody, The Truth About Trusts (New York: Moody, 1904), 384.
[524]巨大的技術突破：Ibid.
